George Willcox
These pages contain photos and drawings of sub-fossil charred plant remains from archaeological sites in the Fertile Crescent (compiled by George Willcox, Sandra Fornite & Linda Herveux in conjunction a European Research Project nºICA3-CT-2002-10022 and Archéorient (UMR 5133) of the CNRS.
The study of the birth of farming and vegetation history in the Near East at the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene relies on accurate identifications of charred plant remains. We present here photos and drawings of charred sub-fossil plant remains from sites including Jerf el Ahmar, Tell Qaramel and Dja'de; (in some cases we include modern equivalents, numbers given after the site names refer to sample numbers).
Important points concerning the identifications1) Exact species identification in many cases is not possible due to a) morphological variability, b) species diversity, c) the effect of charring and d) perhaps evolutionary changes. 2) Often the testa is missing from seeds so that 3) identification may rely on the internal seed structure. 4) Hard thick-coated seeds survive preferentially and are over represented compared to fragile seeds.
We have included a few drawings taken from publications of W. van Zeist and G. Hillman; bibliographical references are given on the appropriate pages.
Introduction Adonis Aegilops grain Aegilops spikelet base Alyssum/Lepidium Amygdalus Amygdalus Amygdalus Androsace maxima Arnebia Artriplex Astragalus type Astragalus type Bellevalia Brassica Bromus Bromus Bulpleurum Capparis Centaurea type cf Bryonia Chenopodiaceae type Cicer Coronilla cretica culm Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cypereceae Dasypyrum villosum Eremopyron Erodium Fabaceae type Ficus Fumaria Galium Glaucium Glaucium Heliotropium Hordeum spontaneum grain Ho. spontaneum spikelet base Ho. murinum spikelet base Ho. murinum grain Hyoscyanus Lolium Malva Malva Medicago radiata Medicago radiata Onobrychis Onobrychis Ornithogalum Ornithogalum Pistacia sp Pisum Plantago Poa Polygonaceae Secale grain Secale grain Secale spikelet base Secale spikelet base Silene Silene Gypsophila Stipa Taeniatherum grain Taeniatherum spikelet base Teucrium Ajuga Thymelaea Tribulus terrestris Trigonella astroites Trigonella astroites Trit. 1) spikelet base Trit. 2) spikelet base Trit. 3) spikelet base Trit. 4) spikelet base Trit. 5) spikelet base Trit. boeot./mono. grain Trit. boeot./mono. grain Trit. boeot./mono. grain Trit. dicoccum/oides grain Trit. dicoccum/oides grain Trit./Secale grain Trit./Secale grain Trit./Secale grain Vaccaria Vaccaria Valerianella Valerianella Verbascum Vicia ervilia Vicia faba Vitex agnus-castae Vitis sylvestris Ziziphora
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